Tag Archives: dog

11/10/12

Preparing for Puppies

So we have been undertaking puppy preparations here, in anticipation for Clover’s upcoming litter. We have many basic things, as we have had litters before – thermometers, heat lamp, whelping box, and so forth. So, really, the only stuff we had to get is the fun stuff!

 

Leave with Work

I put in leave with work, as I pretty much don’t work when I have puppies. I need to be here for the whelping, and I need to be here to clean, socialise, and just generally care take puppies. At a young age, they are not too strenuous. As they get older, the elimination increases, and so does the work load!

 

Clover in the whelping box, the blanket over the top is to make it more den like for her. The whelping box is next to our bed. You can see to the right the towels ‘ready to go’ on top of a column heater. The brown blanket is lining a box, which has a hot water bottle inside – ready for puppies when they’re born. The blue toy outside the whelping box is Clover’s personal touch!

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11/4/12

Schedules of Reinforcement

This post is part of the series in response to Dunbar’s 2012 Australian seminars. See index.

 

When training dogs, consciously or not, we undertake a pattern of delivering rewards.  Sometimes, we give a dog a reward for every correct behaviour, sometimes the dog gets the reward for 3 times they get it right, or sometimes we mix it up and we may reward a sit-stay for 3 seconds, and then 8 seconds, then 5 seconds, and so forth.

Believe it or not, at some point, all the different patterns of rewards (“schedules of reinforcement”) have been given names and classified. First, I’ll describe these schedules of reinforcement, and then the ‘better’ alternative (according to Dunbar but also according to me!).

 

Continuous Reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a dog every time a response is performed.

Example:  Every time you call your dog, you reward them with a treat.

Pros: This often builds up a very high level of response, as the dog understands they will get a treat, and so are highly motivated to accomplish the behaviour.

Cons: It’s easy to run out of treats!  Because of the nature of the schedule, you reward everything – including ‘sloppy’ or ‘slow responses’.

 

Fixed Schedule – Ratio or Interval

A fixed schedule means that the reward is delivered on a consistence basis, though intermittently.  Ratio or interval refers to number of responses and time passed during response respectively.

Example: Fixed Ratio: When your dog barks at the door, you normally ignore it the first and second time, but when they bark thrice, you let them in. Interval Ratio: This is difficult to conceptualise in dog training, as it assumes that the dog is maintaining a behaviour.  The best example is training the stay: For every 10 seconds that the dog maintains a stay, you return and give the dog a treat.

Pros: Quick way for dog to learn. Good way to maintain behaviours. Prepares a dog to work without always getting rewarded (which is particularly useful for sports like obedience, where the dog cannot get rewarded in the ring).

Cons: Not as quick for dogs to understand as with continuous reinforcement.  The dog’s behaviour make become ‘scalloped’, with more enthused and motivated behaviours nearer to the reward (e.g. if the dog catches on that they only get rewarded for every 3rd sit, they will be more enthused about doing the 3rd one than the 1st and 2nd).  When the intervals or ratios are too long, the dog may ‘strike’ (i.e. quit perfoming the behaviour).  Ratios are difficult to implement in practice, as it normally hard to count and train at the same time!  Moving away from a fixed schedule often demotivates the dog (e.g. if the dog is used to being rewarded at every 3rd behaviour, for this to cease, often means the dog will abruptly stop performing the behaviour).

 

Variable schedules – ratio or interval

Variable schedules are when the animal is rewarded at changing consistency.  Ratio refers to the number of repetitions inbetween rewards, and interval refers to the time period inbetween rewards.

Example:  Ratio: When you reward your dog for ‘sit’, you don’t reward them everytime. Instead, you reward them for their first successful behaviour, then you miss a couple, and reward the 4th one, then you reward the 6th behaviour, then you reward the 9th behaviour, and so forth.  (This is the principle that poker machines work on.)  Interval: Again, if you have a dog in a stay, you could reward the dog for 5 seconds having passed, then 10 seconds, then 8 seconds, then 15 seconds, then 7 seconds, and so forth. So you are rewarding the dog based on a variable time interval schedule.

Pros: This reward schedule works well and is good for maintaining behaviours.

Cons: Too complex for any person to apply.  It is very much a laboratory/computer type of training, and is too complex for people to implement.  If you stretch the ratio too far, the dog will ‘strike’.

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10/25/12

Tempting Fussy Eaters

First, I must say, I do not believe in catering to fussy eaters. To me, fussy eaters are made, not born, and it’s simply a bad habit that many people encourage.  For dogs that are just naughty in not eating, then I strongly recommend Sue Ailsby’s guide to teaching a dog to eat.

However, sometimes, there are medical reasons that may mean that a dog is disinclined to eat.  For Clover, her pregnancy has made her nauseous and cease to eat.  Sometimes, in times of extreme stress (such as in boarding kennels), dogs choose not to eat.  In these cases, it’s often cyclic – I know that when I don’t eat, I feel sick, and so I don’t want to eat.  I am sure the same principle applies to dogs.  There is also a rumour that dogs reduce stress by eating, so another positive in encouraging a dog to eat.

For times of medical need, or stress, I’ve compiled a list of tactics to encourage a dog to eat. These should only be used when medical illness has been ruled out and only on a short term basis.

Competition and hand feeding – two possible options for a fussy eater.

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10/23/12

Dog training doesn’t happen in a laboratory!

This post is part of the series in response to Dunbar’s 2012 Australian seminars. See index.

Along with Dunbar’s criticisms of the four quadrants of operant conditioning, he also criticised learning theory for being “mostly irrelevant” to pet dog training.  ‘These days’, learning theory is common knowledge for most dog trainers, but Dunbar considers it to be mostly irrelevant in the ‘real world’ of dog training.

 

Outside of the laboratory is a whole wide world of training environments and possible rewards. So why are we so caught up on learning theory?

Much of learning theory has been established by computer-use of reinforcements and punishments.  To Dunbar, this means the findings of learning theory, as delivered a lab, is only relevant to lab settings.  In a laboratory, the subjects are normally rats or pigeons, computers control the training, and the animals are contained.  In the real world of dog training, humans are not computers (they are inconsistent), dogs are more complex than rats and pigeons, dogs escape from people (aren’t contained), and dogs bite!

But humans have an advantage: Humans have voice and can moderate their tone to reward and punish.  Computers cannot use verbal rewards or punishments, and so research on verbal feedback is almost entirely neglected.  Dunbar encourages verbal feedback to train recalls, and claims it is easy to do.  He believes that verbals are more expressive than clicks, jerks and shocks.  Verbals can describe how desirable behaviour was and also an appropriate alternative behaviour.

Punishment may be effective in a laboratory, but (to quote his handout) “people are inconsistent and so the dog quickly learns those times when he will not be punished, i.e., when the owner is physically-absent (dog at home alone), physically-present but functionally absent (dog off leash), or physically-present but mentally absent (owner day-dreaming or making a phone call).”  On top of this, owners normally have bad timing, and dogs learn to be separated from their owners to avoid punishments.  (See also: Dunbar’s thoughts on punishment.)  Dunbar described people as “screwed before we start” if we seek to replicate laboratory settings in real-world dog training. Continue reading →

10/16/12

A Puppy Announcement

It is with great pleasure that I announce that my darling Clover, otherwise known as “Ch Burrowa Blue Flame TD ME”, has been confirmed pregnant. The sire of the litter is Caber, otherwise known as “Ch Glenbogle Kiss Chasey ET”.

On the left, Caber, and the right, Clover.

Clover had an ultrasound on the 8th of October, which was day 28 of her pregnancy.  Though dog ultrasounds are not hugely accurate in determining numbers, excitedly, we had SIX puppies show on the ultrasound.  This is a huge litter for Clover, doubling her 2010 litter of 3 puppies (her first litter), and a singleton litter in 2011 (Myrtle).  It is more than we hoped for!

This post is a commitment to keeping you updated on the process of pregnancy, and puppy raising.  My puppies are raised using Dunbar’s protocols: I don’t want to produce ‘lemon puppies‘. Unfortunately, pregnancy is kind of boring. At the moment, our efforts are spent on keeping Clover active, taking her for walks as often as we can, and currently catering to her new found food fussiness.

However, I’d like to describe how we got to this point. Why I’ve made the decision to have a litter from Clover, why I chose the sire we have, and the puppy buyer process. Continue reading →